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https://presidentwilson.org/files/original/a03ac8be852bef7c041ad619cab32236.pdf
689895df1a99f896378fe6c8607f882c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Race and Segregation Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Collection of articles and documents copied from the US National Archives and Records Administration on the topic of African Americans and racism during the years of the Wilson administration, including Jim Crow laws and workplace segregation, in several federal agencies.
PLEASE NOTE: There are numerous instances of hateful sentiments and offensive language in the documents of the collection, along with outright expressions of racism by some letter writers.
Publisher
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Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
Contributor
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Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
Format
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pdf files
Language
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English
Type
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Digital Manuscript Collection
Source
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US National Archives and Records Administration
Library of Congress
US Department of Justice
US Department of Agriculture
Creator
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Hackford, Heidi
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MS100011
Subject
The topic of the resource
African-Americans--Segregation
Text
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Text
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Four Open Letters from the University Commission on Race Questions to the College Men of the South
I
LYNCHING
This letter is not written to convince you that lynching is a crime, for you know it already. Its object is to urge you to show others whenever opportunity presents itself that lynching does more than rob its victims of their constitutional rights and of their lives. It simultaneously lynches law and justice and civilization, and outrages all the finer human sentiments and feelings.
The wrong that it does to the wretched victims is almost as nothing compared to the injury it does to the lynchers themselves, to the community, and to society at large.
Lynching is a contagious social disease, and as such is of deep concern to every American citizen and to every lover of civilization. It is especially of concern to you, and you can do much to abolish it. Vice and crime know that their best, though unconscious and unwilling allies, are luke-warmness and timidity on the part of educated, "good" citizens. Wrong is weaker than right, and must yield whenever right is persistent and determined.
It is, of course, no argument in favor of lynching, nor can we derive any legitimate satisfaction from the fact that it is not confined to any one section of our country and that the victims are not always black. One of the bad features of lynching is that it quickly becomes a habit, and, like all bad habits, deepens and widens rapidly. Formerly lynchings were mainly incited by rape and murder, but the habit has spread until now such outrages are committed for much less serious crimes.
The records of lynching for 1914, compiled by three different agencies, give the total number for the year at 52, 54, and 74, the authority for these figures being Tuskegee Institute, the Chicago Tribune, and the Crisis, respectively.
The conflicting reports can not be harmonized, but, to avoid any possibility of exaggeration, we may employ the most conservative of these for analysis.
It reveals these facts: Number lynched—colored: male 46, female 3; white: male 3, female 0. Total 52.
Crimes charged against victims: Murder 13, robbery and murder 6, robbery and attempted murder 1, suspected of murder 1, rape 6, attempted rape 1, killing an officer 5, wounding officer 1, murderous assault 3, alleged murderous assault 1, biting off a man's chin 1, accused of wounding a person 1, killing person in quarrel 4, beating child to death 1, trying to force way into woman's room 1, stealing shoes 1, stealing mules 1, setting fire to barn 2, assisting a man to escape who had wounded another 1, being found under a house 1.
The three women were lynched for the following reasons: One, 17 years old, for killing a man who, it was reported, had raped her; the second was accused of beating a child to death; the third was accused of helping her husband set fire to a barn. In the last case, both husband and wife were lynched in the presence of their 4-year-old child.
It should be especially noted that of the fifty-two persons lynched, only seven—two white and five colored—or 13 per cent, were charged with the crime against womanhood. This shows clearly how far and how quickly the habit has spread beyond the bounds set by those who first resorted to lynching as a remedy.
According to states, the lynchings were distributed as follows: Alabama 2, Arkansas 1, Florida 4, Georgia 2, Louisiana 12, Mississippi 12, Missouri 1, New Mexico 1, North Dakota 1, North Carolina 1, Oklahoma 3, Oregon 1, South Carolina 4, Tennessee 1, Texas 6.
The same agency which reported fifty-two lynchings for 1914 makes the following report for 1915: Number lynched—colored: male 51, female 3; white: male 14, female 0. Total 68. This is an increase of 16 or 30 per cent, over the total number for 1914.
According to states, the lynchings for 1915 were distributed as follows: Alabama 9, Arkansas 5, Florida 5, Georgia 18, Illinois 1, Kentucky 5, Louisiana 2, Mississippi 9, Missouri 2, Ohio 1, Oklahoma 3, South Carolina 1, Tennessee 2, Texas 5.
It is worthy of note that in at least four cases it later was discovered that the victims of the mob were innocent of the crime of which they were accused.
These are the terrible facts. Is there no remedy? Have we not sufficient legal intelligence and machinery to take care of every case of crime committed? Must we fall back on the methods of the jungle? Civilization rests on obedience to law, which means the substitution of reason and deliberation for impulse, instinct, and passion. It is easy and tempting to obey the latter, but to be governed by the former requires self-control, which comes from the interposition of thought between impulse and action. Herein lies the college man's opportunity to serve his fellows; to interpose deliberation between their impulses and action, and in that way to control both.
Society has a right to expect college men to help in moulding opinion and shaping conduct in matters of this sort. It is their privilege and duty to cooperate with others in leading crusades against crime and mob rule and for law and civilization. The college man belongs in the front rank of those fighting for moral and social progress. For this reason the University Commission makes its first appeal to you and urges you strongly to cooperate with the press, the pulpit, the bar, officers of the law, and all other agencies striving to eliminate this great evil, by speaking out boldly when speech is needed and letting your influence be felt against it in decided, unmistakable measure and manner.
(Signed)
J. J. DOSTER, Professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education, University of Alabama.
D. Y. THOMAS, Professor of Political Science, University of Arkansas.
JAMES M. FARR, Professor of English, University of Florida.
R. J. H. DELOACH, Professor of Cotton Industry, University of Georgia.
WILLIAM O. SCROGGS, Professor of Sociology, Louisiana State University.
W. L. KENNON, Professor of Physics, University of Mississippi.
E. C. BRANSON, Professor of Rural Economics, University of North Carolina.
JOSIAH MORSE, Professor of Philosophy, University of South Carolina.
JAMES D. HOSKINS, Dean of the University of Tennessee.
W. S. SUTTON, Professor of Education and Dean of the School of Education, University of Texas.
W. M. HUNLEY, Professor of Economics, Virginia Military Institute.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Letter
Numeric
Date
19160105
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Four Open Letters from the University Commission on Race Questions to the College Men of the South
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Doster, J. J., et. al.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
A120119
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1916 January 5
Description
An account of the resource
Anti-lynching pamphlet produced by the University Commission on Race Questions
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
National Archives and Records Administration 130/68/3/00 box #3 entry#5 "Negroes" folder
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
Subject
The topic of the resource
African-Americans--segregation
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
pdf file
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
lynching
University Commission on Race Questions